Misinformation has emerged as a major meta-challenge, impeding the resolution of the most critical issues of our time. However, current research on mitigating misinformation is fragmented across disciplines, highlighting the need for an integrated framework. We present the Socio-Ecological Responses to Misinformation (SERM) framework, which outlines the key actors and interventions needed to effectively combat misinformation in democratic systems. The framework proposes a three-tiered approach that includes interventions at the policy level (e.g., transparency regulations), the organizational level (e.g., educational programs in schools), and the social level (e.g., peer correction). These interventions target either the platform (e.g., transparency reporting) or the users (e.g., literacy). Ultimately, the interventions collectively reshape the information environment by supporting accurate information and reducing the amount of misinformation.
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